after the publication darwin became busy writing ”a short summary”.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: After the publication Darwin became busy writing ”a short summary”.
subsidies (gross output), dkk 1000

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: Subsidies (gross output), DKK 1000
by comparing paleo stomata densities with current ones reserchers can make some estimate of the relative co2 levels in past times comparaed with the present.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: By comparing paleo stomata densities with current ones reserchers can make some estimate of the relative CO2 levels in past times comparaed with the present.
it can be hard to know exactly how much custard should be pressed into the eclair.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: It can be hard to know exactly how much custard should be pressed into the eclair.