tapia explains in the introduction to this paper what he is setting out to do:

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: Tapia explains in the introduction to this paper what he is setting out to do:
timothy d. morgan discovered that run-mailcap, an utility to execute programs via entries in the mailcap file, is prone to shell command injection via shell meta-characters in filenames.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: Timothy D. Morgan discovered that run-mailcap, an utility to execute programs via entries in the mailcap file, is prone to shell command injection via shell meta-characters in filenames.
although they are somewhat cold and reserved, they have nothing to envy to its neighbors.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: Although they are somewhat cold and reserved, they have nothing to envy to its neighbors.
the urinalysis, meanwhile, will indicate abnormally high levels of proteins and glucose in the urine.

How would the previous sentence be correctly capitalized?
Answer: The urinalysis, meanwhile, will indicate abnormally high levels of proteins and glucose in the urine.