Q: ps' represents the price received by the producers, which is the price paid by consumers plus the subsidy.
A: Ps' represents the price received by the producers, which is the price paid by consumers plus the subsidy.

Q: to purchase that item click once again on the game background to place that item on the ground on the left side. if you change your mind and do not want to purchase the item you have picked up you can click the game icons at the bottom again to let go of that item.
A: To purchase that item click once again on the game background to place that item on the ground on the left side. If you change your mind and do not want to purchase the item you have picked up you can click the game icons at the bottom again to let go of that item.

Q: in the case that your page file doesn't open, it is highly likely that you do not have the correct software application installed on your pc to view or edit page file extensions.
A: In the case that your PAGE file doesn't open, it is highly likely that you do not have the correct software application installed on your PC to view or edit PAGE file extensions.

Q: in essence, the trader receives a payout if the binary option is in the money, and only loses the amount of money they put up to hold the option if it expires out of the money.
A:
In essence, the trader receives a payout if the binary option is in the money, and only loses the amount of money they put up to hold the option if it expires out of the money.